ideas and concepts

Introduction to R and others

1. Downloading and Installing R
   1. the_r_project_for_statistical_computing
   2. r, getting started
2. Starting R
3. Entering Commands
4. Exiting from R
5. Interrupting R
6. Viewing the Supplied Documentation
7. Getting Help on a Function
8. Searching the Supplied Documentation
9. Getting Help on a Package
10. Searching the Web for Help
11. Finding Relevant Functions and Packages
12. Searching the Mailing Lists
13. Submitting Questions to the Mailing Lists

using theories 연구문제와 가설 and making hypotheses

Installing R

Assignment

Concepts and ideas

Some basics

1. Introduction
2. Printing Something
3. Setting Variables
4. Listing Variables
5. Deleting Variables
6. Creating a Vector
7. Computing Basic Statistics
8. Creating Sequences
9. Comparing Vectors
10. Selecting Vector Elements
11. Performing Vector Arithmetic
12. Getting Operator Precedence Right
13. Defining a Function
14. Typing Less and Accomplishing More
15. Avoiding Some Common Mistakes

• Research Question
• Hypothesis
  • Educated guess (via theories)
  • Difference
  • Association
  • Variables (vs. ideas, concepts, and constructs)
    • Operationalization
    • Variables, Types of Variables
      • see this blog written in Korean
      • IV 독립변인
      • DV 종속변인
      • Control variable 제어변인
      • Mediating (Intervening) variable 매개변인

Assignment

Activities

• Grouping. See Group page
• Group discussion on group works

Concepts and ideas

You should be knoweldgeable about research question and hypothesis building. However, we will be deal with the issue in the class. Please read the two and 커뮤니케이션_연구문제_제기와_가설 individually. The materials will be on quizzes.

Navigating software

1. Introduction
2. Getting and Setting the Working Directory
3. Saving Your Workspace
4. Viewing Your Command History
5. Saving the Result of the Previous Command
6. Displaying the Search Path
7. Accessing the Functions in a Package
8. Accessing Built-in Datasets
9. Viewing the List of Installed Packages
10. Installing Packages from CRAN
11. Setting a Default CRAN Mirror
12. Suppressing the Startup Message
13. Running a Script
14. Running a Batch Script
15. Getting and Setting Environment Variables
16. Locating the R Home Directory
17. Customizing R

Input and output

1. Introduction
2. Entering Data from the Keyboard
3. Printing Fewer Digits (or More Digits)
4. Redirecting Output to a File
5. Listing Files
6. Dealing with “Cannot Open File” in Windows
7. Reading Fixed-Width Records
8. Reading Tabular Data Files
9. Reading from CSV Files
10. Writing to CSV Files
11. Reading Tabular or CSV Data from the Web
12. Reading Data from HTML Tables
13. Reading Files with a Complex Structure
14. Reading from MySQL Databases
15. Saving and Transporting Objects

Assignment

Assignment for all

• Read 커뮤니케이션_연구문제_제기와_가설
• Read research question
• Read hypothesis

Group assignment

• Hypothesis 문서의 예_1의 “제3자 효과이론과 침묵의 나선이론 연계성” 논문을 읽고 가설을 기술하시오.
• 각 가설의 독립변인(Independent variables), 종속변인 (dependent variabless) 등을 나열하시오.
• 이 논문에 사용된 이론은 무엇인지 기술하고 설명하시오.

Class Activity

• 가설 만들어 보기
  • No need to read theories
    • the third person effect
    • Spiral of Silence
    • cognitive dissonance
  • Read hypothesis
  • how to write hypothesis at behavioral science writing.
  • One sample hypothesis Hypothesis at www.socialresearchmethods.net

Concepts and ideas

Data Structures

1. Introduction
2. Appending Data to a Vector
3. Inserting Data into a Vector
4. Understanding the Recycling Rule
5. Creating a Factor (Categorical Variable)
6. Combining Multiple Vectors into One Vector and a Factor
7. Creating a List
8. Selecting List Elements by Position
9. Selecting List Elements by Name
10. Building a Name/Value Association List
11. Removing an Element from a List
12. Flatten a List into a Vector
13. Removing NULL Elements from a List
14. Removing List Elements Using a Condition
15. Initializing a Matrix
16. Performing Matrix Operations
17. Giving Descriptive Names to the Rows and Columns of a Matrix
18. Selecting One Row or Column from a Matrix
19. Initializing a Data Frame from Column Data
20. Initializing a Data Frame from Row Data
21. Appending Rows to a Data Frame
22. Preallocating a Data Frame
23. Selecting Data Frame Columns by Position
24. Selecting Data Frame Columns by Name
25. Selecting Rows and Columns More Easily
26. Changing the Names of Data Frame Columns
27. Editing a Data Frame
28. Removing NAs from a Data Frame
29. Excluding Columns by Name
30. Combining Two Data Frames
31. Merging Data Frames by Common Column
32. Accessing Data Frame Contents More Easily
33. Converting One Atomic Value into Another
34. Converting One Structured Data Type into Another

data transformations

Assignment

ga04.making.hypothesis 가설 연습 ajoubb

• 첫번째, R(rstudio사용)에서 default로 구할 수 있는 mtcars 데이터를 이용하여 t-test와 anova test를 할 수 있는 가설을 만들고, R에서 분석해 보세요.
  • 가설에 대해서는 hypothesis testing 문서를 참조하시기 바랍니다.
  • t-test는 t-test를 참조하시기 바랍니다.
    • 4가지 종류의 t-test 중에서 mtcars 데이터의 경우는 몇 번째 것을 사용해야 하는가에 대해서 확인하세요.
  • anova에 대해서는 anova 문서를 참조하세요.
  • R에서의 분석은 각각 t.test와 aov 펑션을 이용해야 합니다.
• 두번째, 신문에서의 여론조사 결과에 나오는 error of margin에 대해서 확인해보시기 바랍니다.
  • 여론조사 결과가 내용인 신문기사 2개를 고릅니다.
    • 예
    • 일반적인 se값은 아래와 같이 구합니다.
    • $ \displaystyle \sigma_{\hat{p}} = \sqrt{\frac{p*q}{n}} , \;\;\; q = (1 - p) $
    • $ p = .752 $ = 75.2%

• 파일을 upload한다면 파일이름은
  • ga04.making.hypothesis.그룹이름.ext 과 같이 저장한 후에 올리시기 바랍니다.
  • 위에서 “그룹이름”과 “ext”은 그룹에 따라서 바꾸야 합니다.
    • 3조의 경우는 “그룹이름”대신 03을 사용합니다.
    • ms word파일로 저장을 했다면 파일extension으로 “docx”가 생길겁니다. text파일로 저장을 했다면 “txt”가 생길 것입니다.
  • 따라서 위의 예에 따르면 과제 이름은
    • ga04.making.hypothesis.03.txt와 같을 겁니다.

ideas and concepts

probability
General Statistics

t.test: mtcars

> mdata <- split(mtcars$mpg, mtcars$am)
> mdata
$`0`
 [1] 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 19.2 17.8 16.4 17.3 15.2 10.4
[13] 10.4 14.7 21.5 15.5 15.2 13.3 19.2

$`1`
 [1] 21.0 21.0 22.8 32.4 30.4 33.9 27.3 26.0 30.4 15.8 19.7 15.0
[13] 21.4

> stack(mdata)
   values ind
1    21.4   0
2    18.7   0
3    18.1   0
4    14.3   0
5    24.4   0
6    22.8   0
7    19.2   0
8    17.8   0
9    16.4   0
10   17.3   0
11   15.2   0
12   10.4   0
13   10.4   0
14   14.7   0
15   21.5   0
16   15.5   0
17   15.2   0
18   13.3   0
19   19.2   0
20   21.0   1
21   21.0   1
22   22.8   1
23   32.4   1
24   30.4   1
25   33.9   1
26   27.3   1
27   26.0   1
28   30.4   1
29   15.8   1
30   19.7   1
31   15.0   1
32   21.4   1
> mdata
$`0`
 [1] 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 19.2 17.8 16.4 17.3 15.2 10.4
[13] 10.4 14.7 21.5 15.5 15.2 13.3 19.2

$`1`
 [1] 21.0 21.0 22.8 32.4 30.4 33.9 27.3 26.0 30.4 15.8 19.7 15.0
[13] 21.4

> t.test(mpg~am, data=mtcars)

	Welch Two Sample t-test

data:  mpg by am
t = -3.7671, df = 18.332, p-value = 0.001374
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
 -11.280194  -3.209684
sample estimates:
mean in group 0 mean in group 1 
       17.14737        24.39231 

> t.test(mpg~am, data=mtcars, var.equal=T)

	Two Sample t-test

data:  mpg by am
t = -4.1061, df = 30, p-value = 0.000285
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
 -10.84837  -3.64151
sample estimates:
mean in group 0 mean in group 1 
       17.14737        24.39231 

> m1 <- mdata[[1]]
> m2 <- mdata[[2]]
> m1
 [1] 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 19.2 17.8 16.4 17.3 15.2 10.4
[13] 10.4 14.7 21.5 15.5 15.2 13.3 19.2
> m2
 [1] 21.0 21.0 22.8 32.4 30.4 33.9 27.3 26.0 30.4 15.8 19.7 15.0
[13] 21.4
> m1.var <- var(m1)
> m2.var <- var(m2)
> m1.n <- length(m1)
> m2.n <- length(m2)
> m1.df <- length(m1)-1
> m2.df <- length(m2)-1
> m1.ss <- m1.var*m1.df
> m2.ss <- m2.var*m2.df
> m1.ss
[1] 264.5874
> m2.ss
[1] 456.3092
> m12.ss <- m1.ss+m2.ss
> m12.ss
[1] 720.8966
> m12.df <- m1.df+m2.df
> pv <- m12.ss/m12.df
> pv
[1] 24.02989
> pv/m1.n
[1] 1.264731
> pv/m2.n
[1] 1.848453
> m.se <- sqrt((pv/m1.n)+(pv/m2.n))
> m.se
[1] 1.764422
> m1.m <- mean(m1)
> m2.m <- mean(m2)
> m.tvalue <- (m1.m-m2.m)/m.se
> m.tvalue
[1] -4.106127

> t.test(mpg~am, data=mtcars, var.equal=T)

	Two Sample t-test

data:  mpg by am
t = -4.1061, df = 30, p-value = 0.000285
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
 -10.84837  -3.64151
sample estimates:
mean in group 0 mean in group 1 
       17.14737        24.39231 

anova: mtcars

stats4each = function(x,y) {
   meani <- tapply(x,y,mean)
   vari <- tapply(x,y,var)
   ni <- tapply(x,y,length)
   dfi <- tapply(x,y,length)-1
   ssi <- tapply(x,y,var)*(tapply(x,y,length)-1)
   out <- rbind(meani,vari,ni,dfi,ssi)
   
   return(out)  
}

library(MASS)

tempd <- iris
x <- tempd$Species
y <- tempd$Sepal.Width

tempd <- mtcars
x <- tempd$gear
y <- tempd$mpg

tempd <- mtcars
x <- tempd$am
y <- tempd$mpg


x <- factor(x)
dfbetween <- nlevels(x)-1

stats <- stats4each(y, x)
stats 

sswithin <- sum(stats[5,])
sstotal <- var(y)*(length(y)-1)
ssbetween <- sstotal-sswithin

round(sswithin,2)
round(ssbetween,2)
round(sstotal,2)

dfwithin <- sum(stats[4,])
dftotal <- length(y)-1

dfwithin
dfbetween
dftotal

mswithin <- sswithin / dfwithin
msbetween <- ssbetween / dfbetween
mstotal <- sstotal / dftotal

round(mswithin,2)
round(msbetween,2)
round(mstotal,2)

fval <- round(msbetween/mswithin,2)
fval
siglevel <- pf(q=fval, df1=dfbetween, df2=dfwithin, lower.tail=FALSE)
siglevel

mod <- aov(y~x, data=tempd)
summary(mod)

cor

attach(mtcars)
cor(mpg, hp)

mycor <- cov(mpg,hp)/(sd(mpg)*sd(hp))
mycor

sp <- cov(mpg,hp)*(length(mtcars$hp)-1)
ssx <- var(mpg)*(length(mtcars$mpg)-1)
ssy <- var(hp)*(length(mtcars$hp)-1)

mycor2 <- sp/sqrt(ssx*ssy)
mycor2

mycor2 == mycor
mycor == cor(mpg,hp)
mycor2 == cor(mpg,hp)

Assignment

ideas and concepts

correlation
regression
multiple regression

• correlation in r
• multiple regression in r

Partial and semipartial correlation
using dummy variables

Statistical Regression Methods
Sequential Regression

Assignment

1. Public opinion in online environments ¹⁾
   • Spiral of Silence
   • Pluralistic Ignorance
   • The Third Person Effect
   • etc. 여론형성과 관련된 사회학적 혹은 사회심리학적 이론을 찾아보고 소개하기, 예로 위의 세가지. 얼마전 사회현상을 어떻게 설명하면 좋을까에 대해서 논의정리하기? 정확한 온라인 환경에서의 여론파악을 위해서 어떤 것이 필요할까?
   • 혹은 다른 문제에 대해서 (. . . 조에 따른 . . .)
2. Hypotheses
   • Multiple regression hypotheses.
   • Google Survey Questions

ideas and concepts

Assignment

Mid-term period

Quiz the first one

• Lecture materials + textbook
• Textbook: r cookbook: textbook과 관련해서는 예상되는 아웃풋, 아웃풋을 얻기위한 명령어, 명령어(function)에 사용되는 옵션이 의미하는 것 등에 대한 사지선다 혹은 단답식 질문이 나옵니다. 펑션의 옵션사용 등과 같은 정확한 것에 대해서는 질문이 나오지 않습니다.
  • 예
    • one sample t-test를 하기 위한 명령어를 쓰시오 (x)
    • t.test(sample, mu=100)에서 mu는 무엇을 의미하는가? (o)
    • 다음 중 sapply의 아웃풋 모양으로 적당한 것은? 등등
  • The r project for statistical computing
  • Getting started
  • Basics
  • Navigating
  • Input output
  • Data structures
  • Data transformations
• Lecture content
  • Hypothesis,
  • Research question,
  • 커뮤니케이션 연구문제 제기와 가설 부분만
  • Operationalization,
  • Variables,
  • Types of variables
  • Hypothesis testing
  • T-test
    • 정확한 t test 공식등은 외울 필요가 없습니다. (제공됩니다).
    • 간단한 t test 계산을 요구할 수 있습니다.
    • ANOVA도 마찬가지입니다.
  • ANOVA

ideas and concepts

correlation
regression
multiple regression

• correlation in r
• multiple regression in r

Partial and semipartial correlation
using dummy variables

Statistical Regression Methods
Sequential Regression

Activity

Multiple Regression Exercise

Assignment

ideas and concepts

factor analysis

Assignment

ideas and concepts

Assignment

ideas and concepts

Assignment

factor analysis assignment

ideas and concepts

social network analysis
social network analysis tutorial
sna in r

announcement

correlation
regression
multiple regression
partial and semipartial correlation
using dummy variables

Assignment

Group Presentation

Group Presentation

Final-term