====== R Cookbook ======

====== Chapter 1 Getting Started and Getting Help ======
===== Introduction =====
===== Downloading and Installing R =====
===== Starting R =====
===== Entering Commands =====
===== Exiting from R =====
===== Interrupting R =====
===== Viewing the Supplied Documentation =====
===== Getting Help on a Function =====
===== Searching the Supplied Documentation =====
===== Getting Help on a Package =====
===== Searching the Web for Help =====
===== Finding Relevant Functions and Packages =====
===== Searching the Mailing Lists =====
===== Submitting Questions to the Mailing Lists =====
====== Chapter 2 Some Basics ======
===== Introduction =====
===== Printing Something =====
===== Setting Variables =====
===== Listing Variables =====
===== Deleting Variables =====
===== Creating a Vector =====
===== Computing Basic Statistics =====
===== Creating Sequences =====
===== Comparing Vectors =====
===== Selecting Vector Elements =====
===== Performing Vector Arithmetic =====
===== Getting Operator Precedence Right =====
===== Defining a Function =====
===== Typing Less and Accomplishing More =====
===== Avoiding Some Common Mistakes =====
====== Chapter 3 Navigating the Software ======
===== Introduction =====
===== Getting and Setting the Working Directory =====
===== Saving Your Workspace =====
===== Viewing Your Command History =====
===== Saving the Result of the Previous Command =====
===== Displaying the Search Path =====
===== Accessing the Functions in a Package =====
===== Accessing Built-in Datasets =====
===== Viewing the List of Installed Packages =====
===== Installing Packages from CRAN =====
===== Setting a Default CRAN Mirror =====
===== Suppressing the Startup Message =====
===== Running a Script =====
===== Running a Batch Script =====
===== Getting and Setting Environment Variables =====
===== Locating the R Home Directory =====
===== Customizing R =====
====== Chapter 4 Input and Output ======
===== Introduction =====
===== Entering Data from the Keyboard =====
===== Printing Fewer Digits (or More Digits) =====
===== Redirecting Output to a File =====
===== Listing Files =====
===== Dealing with “Cannot Open File” in Windows =====
===== Reading Fixed-Width Records =====
===== Reading Tabular Data Files =====
===== Reading from CSV Files =====
===== Writing to CSV Files =====
===== Reading Tabular or CSV Data from the Web =====
===== Reading Data from HTML Tables =====
===== Reading Files with a Complex Structure =====
===== Reading from MySQL Databases =====
===== Saving and Transporting Objects =====
====== Chapter 5 Data Structures ======
===== Introduction =====
===== Appending Data to a Vector =====
===== Inserting Data into a Vector =====
===== Understanding the Recycling Rule =====
===== Creating a Factor (Categorical Variable) =====
===== Combining Multiple Vectors into One Vector and a Factor =====
===== Creating a List =====
===== Selecting List Elements by Position =====
===== Selecting List Elements by Name =====
===== Building a Name/Value Association List =====
===== Removing an Element from a List =====
===== Flatten a List into a Vector =====
===== Removing NULL Elements from a List =====
===== Removing List Elements Using a Condition =====
===== Initializing a Matrix =====
===== Performing Matrix Operations =====
===== Giving Descriptive Names to the Rows and Columns of a Matrix =====
===== Selecting One Row or Column from a Matrix =====
===== Initializing a Data Frame from Column Data =====
===== Initializing a Data Frame from Row Data =====
===== Appending Rows to a Data Frame =====
===== Preallocating a Data Frame =====
===== Selecting Data Frame Columns by Position =====
===== Selecting Data Frame Columns by Name =====
===== Selecting Rows and Columns More Easily =====
===== Changing the Names of Data Frame Columns =====
===== Editing a Data Frame =====
===== Removing NAs from a Data Frame =====
===== Excluding Columns by Name =====
===== Combining Two Data Frames =====
===== Merging Data Frames by Common Column =====
===== Accessing Data Frame Contents More Easily =====
===== Converting One Atomic Value into Another =====
===== Converting One Structured Data Type into Another =====
====== Chapter 6 Data Transformations ======
===== Introduction =====
===== Splitting a Vector into Groups =====
===== Applying a Function to Each List Element =====
===== Applying a Function to Every Row =====
===== Applying a Function to Every Column =====
===== Applying a Function to Groups of Data =====
===== Applying a Function to Groups of Rows =====
===== Applying a Function to Parallel Vectors or Lists =====
====== Chapter 7 Strings and Dates ======
===== Introduction =====
===== Getting the Length of a String =====
===== Concatenating Strings =====
===== Extracting Substrings =====
===== Splitting a String According to a Delimiter =====
===== Replacing Substrings =====
===== Seeing the Special Characters in a String =====
===== Generating All Pairwise Combinations of Strings =====
===== Getting the Current Date =====
===== Converting a String into a Date =====
===== Converting a Date into a String =====
===== Converting Year, Month, and Day into a Date =====
===== Getting the Julian Date =====
===== Extracting the Parts of a Date =====
===== Creating a Sequence of Dates =====
====== Chapter 8 Probability ======
===== Introduction =====
===== Counting the Number of Combinations =====
===== Generating Combinations =====
===== Generating Random Numbers =====
===== Generating Reproducible Random Numbers =====
===== Generating a Random Sample =====
===== Generating Random Sequences =====
===== Randomly Permuting a Vector =====
===== Calculating Probabilities for Discrete Distributions =====
===== Calculating Probabilities for Continuous Distributions =====
===== Converting Probabilities to Quantiles =====
===== Plotting a Density Function =====
====== Chapter 9 General Statistics ======
===== Introduction =====
===== Summarizing Your Data =====
===== Calculating Relative Frequencies =====
===== Tabulating Factors and Creating Contingency Tables =====
===== Testing Categorical Variables for Independence =====
===== Calculating Quantiles (and Quartiles) of a Dataset =====
===== Inverting a Quantile =====
===== Converting Data to Z-Scores =====
===== Testing the Mean of a Sample (t Test) =====
===== Forming a Confidence Interval for a Mean =====
===== Forming a Confidence Interval for a Median =====
===== Testing a Sample Proportion =====
===== Forming a Confidence Interval for a Proportion =====
===== Testing for Normality =====
===== Testing for Runs =====
===== Comparing the Means of Two Samples =====
===== Comparing the Locations of Two Samples Nonparametrically =====
===== Testing a Correlation for Significance =====
===== Testing Groups for Equal Proportions =====
===== Performing Pairwise Comparisons Between Group Means =====
===== Testing Two Samples for the Same Distribution =====
====== Chapter 10 Graphics ======
===== Introduction =====
===== Creating a Scatter Plot =====
===== Adding a Title and Labels =====
===== Adding a Grid =====
===== Creating a Scatter Plot of Multiple Groups =====
===== Adding a Legend =====
===== Plotting the Regression Line of a Scatter Plot =====
===== Plotting All Variables Against All Other Variables =====
===== Creating One Scatter Plot for Each Factor Level =====
===== Creating a Bar Chart =====
===== Adding Confidence Intervals to a Bar Chart =====
===== Coloring a Bar Chart =====
===== Plotting a Line from x and y Points =====
===== Changing the Type, Width, or Color of a Line =====
===== Plotting Multiple Datasets =====
===== Adding Vertical or Horizontal Lines =====
===== Creating a Box Plot =====
===== Creating One Box Plot for Each Factor Level =====
===== Creating a Histogram =====
===== Adding a Density Estimate to a Histogram =====
===== Creating a Discrete Histogram =====
===== Creating a Normal Quantile-Quantile (Q-Q) Plot =====
===== Creating Other Quantile-Quantile Plots =====
===== Plotting a Variable in Multiple Colors =====
===== Graphing a Function =====
===== Pausing Between Plots =====
===== Displaying Several Figures on One Page =====
===== Opening Additional Graphics Windows =====
===== Writing Your Plot to a File =====
===== Changing Graphical Parameters =====
====== Chapter 11 Linear Regression and ANOVA ======
===== Introduction =====
===== Performing Simple Linear Regression =====
===== Performing Multiple Linear Regression =====
===== Getting Regression Statistics =====
===== Understanding the Regression Summary =====
===== Performing Linear Regression Without an Intercept =====
===== Performing Linear Regression with Interaction Terms =====
===== Selecting the Best Regression Variables =====
===== Regressing on a Subset of Your Data =====
===== Using an Expression Inside a Regression Formula =====
===== Regressing on a Polynomial =====
===== Regressing on Transformed Data =====
===== Finding the Best Power Transformation (Box?Cox Procedure) =====
===== Forming Confidence Intervals for Regression Coefficients =====
===== Plotting Regression Residuals =====
===== Diagnosing a Linear Regression =====
===== Identifying Influential Observations =====
===== Testing Residuals for Autocorrelation (Durbin?Watson Test) =====
===== Predicting New Values =====
===== Forming Prediction Intervals =====
===== Performing One-Way ANOVA =====
===== Creating an Interaction Plot =====
===== Finding Differences Between Means of Groups =====
===== Performing Robust ANOVA (Kruskal?Wallis Test) =====
===== Comparing Models by Using ANOVA =====
====== Chapter 12 Useful Tricks ======
===== Introduction =====
===== Peeking at Your Data =====
===== Widen Your Output =====
===== Printing the Result of an Assignment =====
===== Summing Rows and Columns =====
===== Printing Data in Columns =====
===== Binning Your Data =====
===== Finding the Position of a Particular Value =====
===== Selecting Every nth Element of a Vector =====
===== Finding Pairwise Minimums or Maximums =====
===== Generating All Combinations of Several Factors =====
===== Flatten a Data Frame =====
===== Sorting a Data Frame =====
===== Sorting by Two Columns =====
===== Stripping Attributes from a Variable =====
===== Revealing the Structure of an Object =====
===== Timing Your Code =====
===== Suppressing Warnings and Error Messages =====
===== Taking Function Arguments from a List =====
===== Defining Your Own Binary Operators =====
====== Chapter 13 Beyond Basic Numerics and Statistics ======
===== Introduction =====
===== Minimizing or Maximizing a Single-Parameter Function =====
===== Minimizing or Maximizing a Multiparameter Function =====
===== Calculating Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors =====
===== Performing Principal Component Analysis =====
===== Performing Simple Orthogonal Regression =====
===== Finding Clusters in Your Data =====
===== Predicting a Binary-Valued Variable (Logistic Regression) =====
===== Bootstrapping a Statistic =====
===== Factor Analysis =====
====== Chapter 14 Time Series Analysis ======
===== Introduction =====
===== Representing Time Series Data =====
===== Plotting Time Series Data =====
===== Extracting the Oldest or Newest Observations =====
===== Subsetting a Time Series =====
===== Merging Several Time Series =====
===== Filling or Padding a Time Series =====
===== Lagging a Time Series =====
===== Computing Successive Differences =====
===== Performing Calculations on Time Series =====
===== Computing a Moving Average =====
===== Applying a Function by Calendar Period =====
===== Applying a Rolling Function =====
===== Plotting the Autocorrelation Function =====
===== Testing a Time Series for Autocorrelation =====
===== Plotting the Partial Autocorrelation Function =====
===== Finding Lagged Correlations Between Two Time Series =====
===== Detrending a Time Series =====
===== Fitting an ARIMA Model =====
===== Removing Insignificant ARIMA Coefficients =====
===== Running Diagnostics on an ARIMA Model =====
===== Making Forecasts from an ARIMA Model =====
===== Testing for Mean Reversion =====
===== Smoothing a Time Series =====
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