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--- c:ms:2026:lecture_note_week_05 [2026/04/05 23:20] – hkimscil
+++ c:ms:2026:lecture_note_week_05 [2026/04/07 23:00] (current) – hkimscil
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-====== Recap ======
+====== 모집단의 평균과 표준편차를 알고 있을 때 ======
+독립변인의 효과를 알고 싶을 때, 혹은 모집단의 성격이 참인지 거짓인지 알고 싶을 때
+One sample z-test
 [[:t-test]] 꼭 읽을 것
 Distribution of Sample Means -- mu = 40, sigma = 4 (hence var = 16) 인 모집단에서 n = n 사이즈의 샘플링을 무한 반복할 때 그 샘플평균들이 모인 집합
@@ Line 276: / Line 278: @@
 </code>
 </tabbox>
-====== One sample t-test with population variance unknown ======
+====== 모집단의 평균만을 알고 있는 경우 ======
-one sample t-test라고 부른다
+One sample t-test with population variance unknown 혹은 one sample t-test 라고 부른다
 <tabbox rs.one.sample.t-test.02>
 <code>
@@ Line 335: / Line 337: @@
 ====== Two sample t-test ======
 Impendence group (sample) t-test
+[[:two sample t-test]] 문서. 설명문서 볼 것
+[[:r:two sample t-test|two sample t-test in R]] 문서. r script 예제 볼 것
 <tabbox rscript02>
 <code>
@@ Line 575: / Line 579: @@
 t & = & \frac{ \overline{X}-\mu}{s_{\overline{X}} },  \quad \text{where } \;\; s_{\overline{X}} = \frac{s}{\sqrt{n}} \\
+\
 t & = & \frac{(\overline{X_a}-\overline{X_b})-(\mu_a-\mu_b)}{\sigma_{\text{diff} }}  , \;\;\; \\
+& & \qquad \qquad \;\;\; \mu_a = \mu_b \text{ presumed} \nonumber \\
 & & \qquad \qquad \;\;\; \text{where } \;\; \sigma_{\text{diff} } = \sqrt{ \frac{s^2_{\text{pooled}}}{n_a}  + \frac{s^2_{\text{pooled}}}{n_b} } \nonumber \\
 & & \qquad \qquad \;\;\; s^2_{\text{pooled}} = \frac {\text{SS}_a + \text{SS}_b} {df_a + df_b} \nonumber \\
@@ Line 587: / Line 592: @@
 \end{eqnarray*}
-====== Two sample t-test ======
-Independent sample t-test 의 standard error 값을 구하는 방법이 얼른 머리에 들어오지 않으면,
-see [[:mean and variance of the sample mean]]: 샘플평균들의 집합이 가지는 평균과 분산 (CLT)
-sa [[:statistical review]]: 분산의 계산
-두 샘플을 취해서 평균을 구한 후 (mean of A, mean of B), 그 차이를 기록하는 것을 무한히 하여 그 분포를 구하는 것은 아래와 같이 정리, 이해할 수 있다.
-\begin{eqnarray}
-E \left[ \overline{X} - \overline{Y} \right] & = & E \left[ \overline{X} \right] - E \left[ \overline{Y} \right]
-& = & {\mu_{X}} - {\mu_{Y}} \\
-V \left[ \overline{X} - \overline{Y} \right] & = & V \left[ \overline{X} \right] + V \left[ \overline{Y} \right]
-& = & \displaystyle \dfrac {\sigma_{X}} {n_{X}} + \dfrac {\sigma_{Y}} {n_{Y}} \\
-\end{eqnarray}
-  * 위가 말하는 것은 X 모집단과 Y 모집단의 평균이 같다면 거기서 뽑은 두 샘플평균의 차이를 모아 놓은 분포는
-  * 1. Normal distribution이고
-  * 2. 평균은 두 모집단 평균의 차이가 되고
-  * 3. 분산은 위의 식처럼 될 것이다.
-<tabbox rs.two.sample.t.test>
-<code>
-rm(list=ls())
-rnorm2 <- function(n,mean,sd){
-  mean+sd*scale(rnorm(n))
-}
-ss <- function(x) {
-  sum((x-mean(x))^2)
-}
-N.p <- 1000000
-m.p <- 100
-sd.p <- 10
-set.seed(101)
-p1 <- rnorm2(N.p, m.p, sd.p)
-mean(p1)
-sd(p1)
-p2 <- rnorm2(N.p, m.p+10, sd.p)
-mean(p2)
-sd(p2)
-s.size <- 50
-iter <- 100000
-# means <- c()
-mdiffs <- rep(NA, iter)
-means.s1 <- rep(NA, iter)
-means.s2 <- rep(NA, iter)
-tail(mdiffs)
-for (i in 1:iter) {
-  # means <- append(means, mean(sample(p1, s.size, replace = T)))
-  s1 <- sample(p1, s.size, replace = T)
-  s2 <- sample(p2, s.size, replace = T)
-  means.s1[i] <- mean(s1)
-  means.s2[i] <- mean(s2)
-  mdiffs[i] <- mean(s1-s2)
-}
-mu <- mean(p1) - mean(p2)
-ms <- var(p1)/s.size + var(p2)/s.size
-se <- sqrt(ms)
-mu
-ms
-se
-m.diff <- mean(mdiffs)
-var.diff <- var(mdiffs)
-sd.diff <- sd(mdiffs)
-m.diff
-var.diff
-sd.diff
-var(means.s1)
-var(p1)/s.size
-var(means.s2)
-var(p2)/s.size
-var(means.s1-means.s2)
-var(means.s1) + var(means.s2)
-var(p1)/s.size + var(p2)/s.size
-var.diff <- (var(p1)/s.size) + (var(p2)/s.size)
-var.diff
-sqrt(var.diff)
-se.diff <- sqrt(var.diff)
-se.diff
-hist(mdiffs, breaks=50)
-abline(v=mean(mdiffs),
-       col="black", lwd=2)
-ci95 <- se.diff*2
-ci95
-abline(v=c(m.diff-ci95, m.diff+ci95),
-       col="red", lwd=2)
-text(x=m.diff, y=5000,
-     labels=paste(round(m.diff-ci95,3), "\n", round(m.diff+ci95,3)),
-     pos = 1
-)
-s1 <- sample(p1, s.size, replace = T)
-s2 <- sample(p2, s.size, replace = T)
-df <- s.size - 1
-pv <- (ss(s1)+ss(s2))/(df+df)
-pv
-ms1 <- ss(s1)/df
-ms2 <- ss(s2)/df
-ms1
-ms2
-se <- sqrt(ms1/s.size+ms2/s.size)
-se
-se.z <- sqrt(pv/s.size+pv/s.size)
-se.z
-diff <- mean(s1)-mean(s2)
-t.cal <- diff / se.z
-t.test(s1,s2, var.equal = T)
-t.cal
-print(df.tot <- df+df)
-print(p.val <- pt(abs(t.cal), df+df, lower.tail = F)*2)
-print(mean.diff <- mean(s1)-mean(s2))
-two <- qt(.05/2, df.tot)
-two
-# two <-  -2
-lo2 <- se.z * two
-lo2
-mean.diff+c(lo2,-lo2)
-zdiffs <- scale(mdiffs)
-se.diff <- sd.diff
-hist(zdiffs, breaks=50)
-two
-abline(v=c(0, 0-two, 0+two), col="blue")
-text(x=two,y=2500,labels=round(two,3), pos=3)
-text(x=two,y=2000, labels=.05)
-abline(v=c(t.cal,-t.cal), col="red")
-text(x=t.cal,y=6000,labels=round(t.cal,3),pos=3)
-text(x=t.cal, y=5000,labels=round(p.val,5),pos=3)
-p.val
-</code>
-<tabbox ro.two.sample.t.test>
-<code>
->
-> rm(list=ls())
-> rnorm2 <- function(n,mean,sd){
-+   mean+sd*scale(rnorm(n))
-+ }
->
-> ss <- function(x) {
-+   sum((x-mean(x))^2)
-+ }
->
-> N.p <- 1000000
-> m.p <- 100
-> sd.p <- 10
->
-> set.seed(101)
-> p1 <- rnorm2(N.p, m.p, sd.p)
-> mean(p1)
-[1] 100
-> sd(p1)
-[1] 10
->
-> p2 <- rnorm2(N.p, m.p+10, sd.p)
-> mean(p2)
-[1] 110
-> sd(p2)
-[1] 10
->
-> s.size <- 50
->
-> iter <- 100000
-> # means <- c()
-> mdiffs <- rep(NA, iter)
-> means.s1 <- rep(NA, iter)
-> means.s2 <- rep(NA, iter)
-> tail(mdiffs)
-[1] NA NA NA NA NA NA
->
-> for (i in 1:iter) {
-+   # means <- append(means, mean(sample(p1, s.size, replace = T)))
-+   s1 <- sample(p1, s.size, replace = T)
-+   s2 <- sample(p2, s.size, replace = T)
-+   means.s1[i] <- mean(s1)
-+   means.s2[i] <- mean(s2)
-+   mdiffs[i] <- mean(s1-s2)
-+ }
->
-> mu <- mean(p1) - mean(p2)
-> ms <- var(p1)/s.size + var(p2)/s.size
-> se <- sqrt(ms)
->
-> mu
-[1] -10
-> ms
-     [,1]
-[1,]    4
-> se
-     [,1]
-[1,]    2
->
-> m.diff <- mean(mdiffs)
-> var.diff <- var(mdiffs)
-> sd.diff <- sd(mdiffs)
-> m.diff
-[1] -9.988058
-> var.diff
-[1] 4.023723
-> sd.diff
-[1] 2.005922
->
-> var(means.s1)
-[1] 2.002125
-> var(p1)/s.size
-     [,1]
-[1,]    2
-> var(means.s2)
-[1] 2.014368
-> var(p2)/s.size
-     [,1]
-[1,]    2
-> var(means.s1-means.s2)
-[1] 4.023723
-> var(means.s1) + var(means.s2)
-[1] 4.016493
-> var(p1)/s.size + var(p2)/s.size
-     [,1]
-[1,]    4
->
-> var.diff <- (var(p1)/s.size) + (var(p2)/s.size)
-> var.diff
-     [,1]
-[1,]    4
-> sqrt(var.diff)
-     [,1]
-[1,]    2
-> se.diff <- sqrt(var.diff)
-> se.diff
-     [,1]
-[1,]    2
->
-> hist(mdiffs, breaks=50)
-> abline(v=mean(mdiffs),
-+        col="black", lwd=2)
-> ci95 <- se.diff*2
-> ci95
-     [,1]
-[1,]    4
-> abline(v=c(m.diff-ci95, m.diff+ci95),
-+        col="red", lwd=2)
-> text(x=m.diff, y=5000,
-+      labels=paste(round(m.diff-ci95,3), "\n", round(m.diff+ci95,3)),
-+      pos = 1
-+ )
->
-> s1 <- sample(p1, s.size, replace = T)
-> s2 <- sample(p2, s.size, replace = T)
->
-> df <- s.size - 1
-> pv <- (ss(s1)+ss(s2))/(df+df)
-> pv
-[1] 106.6359
-> ms1 <- ss(s1)/df
-> ms2 <- ss(s2)/df
-> ms1
-[1] 105.3544
-> ms2
-[1] 107.9175
->
-> se <- sqrt(ms1/s.size+ms2/s.size)
-> se
-[1] 2.065293
-> se.z <- sqrt(pv/s.size+pv/s.size)
-> se.z
-[1] 2.065293
->
-> diff <- mean(s1)-mean(s2)
-> t.cal <- diff / se.z
->
-> t.test(s1,s2, var.equal = T)
-	Two Sample t-test
-data:  s1 and s2
-t = -3.3699, df = 98, p-value = 0.001077
-alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
-percent confidence interval:
- -11.058359  -2.861343
-sample estimates:
-mean of x mean of y
-.6366  108.5965
->
-> t.cal
-[1] -3.369909
-> print(df.tot <- df+df)
-[1] 98
-> print(p.val <- pt(abs(t.cal), df+df, lower.tail = F)*2)
-[1] 0.001076634
-> print(mean.diff <- mean(s1)-mean(s2))
-[1] -6.959851
-> two <- qt(.05/2, df.tot)
-> two
-[1] -1.984467
-> # two <-  -2
-> lo2 <- se.z * two
-> lo2
-[1] -4.098508
-> mean.diff+c(lo2,-lo2)
-[1] -11.058359  -2.861343
->
-> zdiffs <- scale(mdiffs)
-> se.diff <- sd.diff
-> hist(zdiffs, breaks=50)
-> two
-[1] -1.984467
-> abline(v=c(0, 0-two, 0+two), col="blue")
-> text(x=two,y=2500,labels=round(two,3), pos=3)
-> text(x=two,y=2000, labels=.05)
-> abline(v=c(t.cal,-t.cal), col="red")
-> text(x=t.cal,y=6000,labels=round(t.cal,3),pos=3)
-> text(x=t.cal, y=5000,labels=round(p.val,5),pos=3)
-> p.val
-[1] 0.001076634
->
-</code>
-</tabbox>
-{{.:pasted:20260403-085308.png}}
-{{.:pasted:20260403-085328.png}}
-What if s1, s2 are from the same pop?
-<tabbox rs.02>
-<code>
-###
-# what if s1 and s2 are from
-# the same pop?
-# the distribution of sample mean
-# difference should be
-# normal, mu = 0, var = var.p1/s.size + var.p2/s.size
-iter <- 100000
-# means <- c()
-mdiffs <- rep(NA, iter)
-means.s3 <- rep(NA, iter)
-means.s4 <- rep(NA, iter)
-tail(mdiffs)
-for (i in 1:iter) {
-  # means <- append(means, mean(sample(p1, s.size, replace = T)))
-  s3 <- sample(p1, s.size, replace = T)
-  s4 <- sample(p1, s.size, replace = T)
-  means.s3[i] <- mean(s3)
-  means.s4[i] <- mean(s4)
-  mdiffs[i] <- mean(s3-s4)
-}
-mu <- mean(p1) - mean(p1)
-ms <- var(p1)/s.size + var(p2)/s.size
-se <- sqrt(ms)
-mu
-ms
-se
-m.diff <- mean(mdiffs)
-var.diff <- var(mdiffs)
-sd.diff <- sd(mdiffs)
-m.diff
-var.diff
-sd.diff
-s3 <- sample(p1, s.size, replace=T)
-s4 <- sample(p1, s.size, replace=T)
-t.test(s3, s4, var.equal=T)
-print(m.diff <- mean(s3)-mean(s4))
-# 위의 value는 0을 중심으로 -4 +4 사이에
-# 있을 확률이 95퍼센트이다.
-</code>
-<tabbox ro.02>
-<code>
-> ###
-> # what if s1 and s2 are from
-> # the same pop?
-> # the distribution of sample mean
-> # difference should be
-> # normal, mu = 0, var = var.p1/s.size + var.p2/s.size
->
-> iter <- 100000
-> # means <- c()
-> mdiffs <- rep(NA, iter)
-> means.s3 <- rep(NA, iter)
-> means.s4 <- rep(NA, iter)
-> tail(mdiffs)
-[1] NA NA NA NA NA NA
->
-> for (i in 1:iter) {
-+   # means <- append(means, mean(sample(p1, s.size, replace = T)))
-+   s3 <- sample(p1, s.size, replace = T)
-+   s4 <- sample(p1, s.size, replace = T)
-+   means.s3[i] <- mean(s3)
-+   means.s4[i] <- mean(s4)
-+   mdiffs[i] <- mean(s3-s4)
-+ }
->
-> mu <- mean(p1) - mean(p1)
-> ms <- var(p1)/s.size + var(p2)/s.size
-> se <- sqrt(ms)
->
-> mu
-[1] 0
-> ms
-     [,1]
-[1,]    4
-> se
-     [,1]
-[1,]    2
->
-> m.diff <- mean(mdiffs)
-> var.diff <- var(mdiffs)
-> sd.diff <- sd(mdiffs)
-> m.diff
-[1] -0.00273072
-> var.diff
-[1] 3.997207
-> sd.diff
-[1] 1.999302
->
-> s3 <- sample(p1, s.size, replace=T)
-> s4 <- sample(p1, s.size, replace=T)
-> t.test(s3, s4, var.equal=T)
-	Two Sample t-test
-data:  s3 and s4
-t = 1.7165, df = 98, p-value = 0.08924
-alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
-percent confidence interval:
- -0.5535058  7.6433427
-sample estimates:
-mean of x mean of y
-.04431  99.49939
-> print(m.diff <- mean(s3)-mean(s4))
-[1] 3.544918
-> # 위의 value는 0을 중심으로 -4 +4 사이에
-> # 있을 확률이 95퍼센트이다.
->
-</code>
-</tabbox>